In what year did Emmy Noether publish the theorem linking symmetries to conservation laws in physics?

Math

In what year did Kurt Gödel publish the incompleteness theorems he developed after grappling with a logical paradox in his mid-twenties?

Gödel's incompleteness theorem emerged from his obsession with a mathematical paradox he encountered at age 25, reshaping all of logic.

Math

Who invented the mathematical notation for calculus, including the integral symbol ∫?

Newton invented calculus first but used clumsier notation; Leibniz's cleaner system won out.

Math

What branch of mathematics did Emmy Noether revolutionize?

Einstein called her 'the most significant mathematical genius since higher education of women began.'

Math

What term describes prime numbers of the form 2^p − 1, named after the 17th-century French friar who cataloged them?

Marin Mersenne claimed in 1644 that 2^p-1 was prime for only 8 values under 257, but he was wrong about at least 5 of them—a mistake stood for centuries.

Math

When Euler proved the fifth Fermat number was not prime in 1732, into which two factors did he show it split?

Pierre de Fermat believed every number of the form 2^(2^n)+1 was prime. He was right for n=0,1,2,3,4 but catastrophically wrong—the fifth one factors into 641×6,700,417.

Math

William Jones, who introduced the π symbol in 1706, hailed from which part of the British Isles?

The symbol π wasn't widely adopted until 1706, when William Jones used it—it only became standard after Euler championed it decades later.